II. Introduction to revolutionary Marxism
⢠required / + recommended reading
Marx and Engels readings pp. from Robert C. Tucker, ed., Marx-Engels Reader (Norton 2nd ed., 1978)
Recommended winter break preliminary readings:
+ Leszek Kolakowski, âThe concept of the Leftâ (1958)
+ Richard Appignanesi and Oscar Zarate / A&Z, Introducing Lenin and the Russian Revolution / Lenin for Beginners (1977)
+ Sebastian Haffner, Failure of a Revolution: Germany 1918â19 (1968)
+ Tariq Ali and Phil Evans, Introducing Trotsky and Marxism / Trotsky for Beginners (1980)
+ James Joll, The Second International 1889â1914 (1966)
+ Carl Schorske, The SPD 1905-17: The Development of the Great Schism (1955)
+ J.P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg (1966) [Vol. 1] [Vol. 2]
+ Edmund Wilson, To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History (1940), Part II. Ch. (1â4,) 5â10, 12â16; Part III. Ch. 1â6
Film screenings: Winter 2023
⢠Fall of Eagles (1974) episodes: ("The Last Tsar,") "Absolute Beginners," ("Dearest Nicky," "The Appointment,") "The Secret War," and "End Game"
⢠37 Days (2014) ([Episode 1] [Episode 2]) [Episode 3]
( ⢠37 Days (2014) [Episode 3] and Fall of Eagles (1974) episode "The Secret War" )
⢠Rosa Luxemburg (1986)
⢠Oliver Stone's Untold History of the United States (2012) Prequel Episodes A (1900-20) and B (1920-40)
⢠Reds (1981)
4 screenings, each ~2 hours of film:
1.) Fall of Eagles episodes: #5 "The Last Tsar" and #6 "Absolute Beginners" on the origins of the Bolsheviks
2.) 37 Days Episode #3 "One Long Weekend" (uncut BBC version including the Socialists) on the start of WWI; and Fall of Eagles episode #12 "The Secret War" on WWI and the Russian Revolution
3.) Fall of Eagles episode #13 "End Game" on the German Revolution 1918-19; and Oliver Stone's Untold History of the United States Prequel Episode A. 1900-20, on imperialism, WWI and the Russian Revolution
4.) Rosa Luxemburg film
additional recommended screenings:
+ Fall of Eagles episodes #s 7-8 "Dearest Nicky" and "The Appointment" on the Russo-Japanese War and Russian Revolution of 1905 and modernization, the Narodniks and Socialist Revolutionaries
+ Reds film on American anarchists, Socialists and Communists in WWI and the Russian Revolution
+ Oliver Stone's Untold History of the United States Prequel Episode B. 1920-40 on counterrevolution, fascism, the Great Depression, Stalinism and Nazism
Winter 2023
I. What is the Left? â What is Marxism?
Week 8. What is Marxism? V. Reification | Jan. 7, 2023
⢠Georg LukĂĄcs, âThe phenomenon of reificationâ (Part I of âReification and the consciousness of the proletariat,â History and Class Consciousness, 1923)
+ Commodity form chart of terms
+ Reification chart of terms
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Organic composition of capital chart of terms
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
Week 9. What is Marxism? VI. Class consciousness | Jan. 14, 2023
⢠LukĂĄcs, âClass Consciousnessâ (1920), Original Preface (1922), âWhat is Orthodox Marxism?â (1919), History and Class Consciousness (1923)
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Reification chart of terms
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
+ Herbert Marcuse, "Note on dialectic" (1960)
+ Marx, Preface to the First German Edition and Afterword to the Second German Edition (1873) of Capital (1867), pp. 294â298, 299â302
Week 10. What is Marxism? VII. Ends of philosophy | Jan. 21, 2023
⢠Korsch, âMarxism and philosophyâ (1923)
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
+ Herbert Marcuse, "Note on dialectic" (1960)
+ Marx, To make the world philosophical (from Marx's dissertation, 1839â41), pp. 9â11
+ Marx, For the ruthless criticism of everything existing (letter to Arnold Ruge, September 1843), pp. 12â15
+ Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach" (1845), pp. 143â145
WinterâSpring 2023
II. Introduction to revolutionary Marxism
Week 11. Revolutionary leadership | Jan. 28, 2023
⢠Rosa Luxemburg, âThe Crisis of German Social Democracyâ Part 1 (1915) [HTML]
⢠J. P. Nettl, âThe German Social Democratic Party 1890â1914 as a Political Modelâ (1965)
⢠Cliff Slaughter, âWhat is Revolutionary Leadership?â (1960)
Week 12. Reform or revolution? | Feb. 4, 2023
⢠Luxemburg, Reform or Revolution? (1900/08)
+ Eugene Debs, "Competition versus Cooperation" (1900)
Week 13. Lenin and the vanguard party | Feb. 11, 2023
⢠Spartacist League, Lenin and the Vanguard Party (1978)
+ Richard Appignanesi and Oscar Zarate / A&Z, Introducing Lenin and the Russian Revolution / Lenin for Beginners (1977)
Week 14. What is to be done? | Feb. 18, 2023
⢠V. I. Lenin, What is to be Done? (1902)
+ Richard Appignanesi and Oscar Zarate / A&Z, Introducing Lenin and the Russian Revolution / Lenin for Beginners (1977)
Week 15. Mass strike and social democracy | Feb. 25, 2023
⢠Luxemburg, The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions (1906)
+ Luxemburg, "Blanquism and Social Democracy" (1906)
Week 16. Permanent revolution | Mar. 4, 2023
⢠Leon Trotsky, Results and Prospects (1906)
+ Tariq Ali and Phil Evans, Introducing Trotsky and Marxism / Trotsky for Beginners (1980)
Week 17. State and revolution | Mar. 11, 2023
⢠Lenin, The State and Revolution (1917)
Week 18. Mar. 18, 2023 (spring break)
Week 19. Imperialism | Mar. 25, 2023
âThe bourgeoisie makes it its business to promote trusts, drive women and children into the factories, subject them to corruption and suffering, condemn them to extreme poverty. We do not âdemandâ such development, we do not âsupportâ it. We fight it. But how do we fight? We explain that trusts and the employment of women in industry are progressive. We do not want a return to the handicraft system, pre-monopoly capitalism, domestic drudgery for women. Forward through the trusts, etc., and beyond them to socialism!â
â Lenin, The Military Programme of the Proletarian Revolution (1916/17)
⢠Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916)
+ Lenin, Socialism and War Ch. 1 The principles of socialism and the War of 1914â15 (1915)
+ Lenin, The Military Programme of the Proletarian Revolution (1916/17)
Week 20. Apr. 1, 2023 [Platypus international convention]
Week 21. Failure of the revolution | Apr. 8, 2023
⢠Luxemburg, âWhat does the Spartacus League Want?â (1918)
⢠Luxemburg, âOn the Spartacus Programmeâ (1918)
+ Luxemburg, "German Bolshevism" (AKA "The Socialisation of Society") (1918)
+ Luxemburg, âThe Russian Tragedyâ (1918)
+ Luxemburg, âOrder Reigns in Berlinâ (1919)
+ Eugene Debs, âThe Day of the Peopleâ (1919)
+ Sebastian Haffner, Failure of a Revolution: Germany 1918â19 (1968)
Week 22. Retreat after revolution | Apr. 15, 2023
⢠Lenin, âLeft-Wingâ Communism: An Infantile Disorder (1920)
+ Lenin, "Notes of a Publicist" (1922)
Week 23. Dialectic of reification | Apr. 22, 2023
⢠LukĂĄcs, âThe Standpoint of the Proletariatâ (Part III of âReification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat,â 1923). Available in three sections from marxists.org: section 1 section 2 section 3
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
+ Commodity form chart of terms
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms + Organic composition of capital chart of terms
+ Reification chart of terms
+ LukĂĄcs, âThe phenomenon of reificationâ (Part I of âReification and the consciousness of the proletariat,â History and Class Consciousness, 1923)
Week 24. Lessons of October | Apr. 29, 2023
⢠Trotsky, The Lessons of October (1924) [PDF]
⢠Trotsky, "Stalinism and Bolshevism" (1937)
Week 25. Trotskyism | May 6, 2023
+ Trotsky, "To build communist parties and an international anew" (1933)
+ Trotsky, "If America should go communist" (1934)
⢠Trotsky, The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International (AKA The Transitional Program and the Struggle for Socialism, 1938)
+ Trotsky, "Trade unions in the epoch of imperialist decay" (1940)
+ Trotsky, Letter to James Cannon (September 12, 1939)
Week 26. The authoritarian state | May 13, 2023
⢠Friedrich Pollock, "State Capitalism: Its Possibilities and Limitations" (1941) (note 32 on USSR)
⢠Max Horkheimer, "The Authoritarian State" (1942) [PDF]
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
Week 27. On the concept of history | May 20, 2023
⢠epigraphs by Louis Menand (on Edmund Wilson) and Peter Preuss (on Nietzsche) on the modern concept of history
+ Charles Baudelaire, from FusĂŠes [Rockets] (1867)
+ Bertolt Brecht, "To posterity" (1939)
+ Walter Benjamin, "To the planetarium" (from One-Way Street, 1928)
+ Benjamin, "Fire alarm" (from One-Way Street, 1928)
[JPG] [PDF]
+ Benjamin, "Experience and poverty" (1933)
+ Benjamin, Theologico-political fragment (1921/39?)
+ epigraphs by Hegel and W.E.B. DuBois on history
+ Benjamin on history chart of terms
⢠Benjamin, "On the Concept of History" (AKA "Theses on the Philosophy of History") (1940) [PDF]
⢠Benjamin, Paralipomena to "On the Concept of History" (1940)
+ Benjamin, Arcades Project Convolute N, "On the theory of knowledge, theory of progress" (see especially p. 471 [N8,1] on Horkheimer on unredeemablility of past suffering)
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
Week 28. Reflections on Marxism | May 27, 2023
+ Capital in history timeline and chart of terms
+ Benjamin on history chart of terms
⢠Theodor Adorno, âReflections on Class Theoryâ (1942)
⢠Adorno, âImaginative Excessesâ (1944â47)
+ Adorno, letter to Benjamin on "The Work of Art..." essay and intellectuals and the proletariat (1936)
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
+ Adorno, Dedication, "Bequest", "Warning: Not to be Misused" and "Finale", Minima Moralia (1944â47)
+ Horkheimer and Adorno, "Discussion about Theory and Praxis" (AKA "Towards a New Manifesto?") [PDF] [Deutsch] (1956)
Week 29. Theory and practice | June 3, 2023
+ Adorno, âOn Subject and Objectâ (1969)
+ Commodity form chart of terms
+ Reification chart of terms
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Adorno's critique of actionism chart of terms
⢠Adorno, âMarginalia to Theory and Praxisâ (1969)
⢠Adorno, âResignationâ (1969)
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
+ Adorno, âLate Capitalism or Industrial Society?â (AKA âIs Marx Obsolete?â) (1968)
+ Organic composition of capital chart of terms
+ Esther Leslie, Introduction to the 1969 Adorno-Marcuse correspondence (1999)
+ Adorno and Herbert Marcuse, correspondence on the German New Left (1969)
+ Adorno, Interview with Der Spiegel magazine (1969)
Summer and Fall/Autumn 2022 â Winter 2023
I. What is the Left? â What is Marxism?
⢠required / + recommended reading
Marx and Engels readings pp. from Robert C. Tucker, ed., Marx-Engels Reader (Norton 2nd ed., 1978)
Week A. Introduction: Capital in history | Jul. 30, 2022
⢠Max Horkheimer, "The little man and the philosophy of freedom" (1926â31)
⢠epigraphs on modern history and freedom by Louis Menand (on Marx and Engels), Karl Marx, on "becoming" (from the Grundrisse, 1857â58), and Peter Preuss (on history)
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) chart of terms
⢠Chris Cutrone, "Capital in history" (2008)
+ Capital in history timeline and chart of terms
+ video of Communist University 2011 London presentation
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
⢠Cutrone, "The Marxist hypothesis" (2010)
⢠Cutrone, âClass consciousness (from a Marxist perspective) todayâ (2012)
+ G.M. Tamas, "Telling the truth about class" [HTML] (2007)
+ Robert Pippin, "On Critical Theory" (2004)
+ Rainer Maria Rilke, "Archaic Torso of Apollo" (1908)
Week B. 1960s New Left I. Neo-Marxism | Aug. 6, 2022
⢠Martin Nicolaus, âThe unknown Marxâ (1968)
+ Commodity form chart of terms
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Organic composition of capital chart of terms
+ Marx on surplus-value chart of terms
⢠Theodor W. Adorno, âLate Capitalism or Industrial Society?â (AKA âIs Marx Obsolete?â) (1968)
⢠Moishe Postone, âNecessity, labor, and timeâ (1978)
+ Postone, âInterview: Marx after Marxismâ (2008)
+ Postone, âHistory and helplessness: Mass mobilization and contemporary forms of anticapitalismâ (2006)
+ Postone, âTheorizing the contemporary world: Brenner, Arrighi, Harveyâ (2006)
Week C. 1960s New Left II: Gender and sexuality | Aug. 13, 2022
The situation of women is different from that of any other social group. This is because they are not one of a number of isolable units, but half a totality: the human species. Women are essential and irreplaceable; they cannot therefore be exploited in the same way as other social groups can. They are fundamental to the human condition, yet in their economic, social and political roles, they are marginal. It is precisely this combination â fundamental and marginal at one and the same time â that has been fatal to them.
â Juliet Mitchell, "Women: The longest revolution" (1966)
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
⢠Juliet Mitchell, âWomen: The longest revolutionâ (1966)
⢠Clara Zetkin and Vladimir Lenin, âAn interview on the woman questionâ (1920)
⢠Theodor W. Adorno, âSexual taboos and the law todayâ (1963)
+ Freud categories chart of terms [PNG]
⢠John DâEmilio, âCapitalism and gay identityâ (1983)
Week D. 1960s New Left III. Anti-black racism in the U.S. | Aug. 20, 2022
As a social party we receive the Negro and all other races upon absolutely equal terms. We are the party of the working class, the whole working class, and we will not suffer ourselves to be divided by any specious appeal to race prejudice; and if we should be coaxed or driven from the straight road we will be lost in the wilderness and ought to perish there, for we shall no longer be a Socialist party.
â Eugene Debs, "The Negro in the class struggle" (1903)
+ Eugene Debs, "The Negro in the class struggle" (1903)
+ Debs, "The Negro and his nemesis" (1904)
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
⢠Richard Fraser, âTwo lectures on the black question in America and revolutionary integrationismâ (1953)
+ Fraser, "For the materialist conception of the Negro struggle" (1955)
⢠James Robertson and Shirley Stoute, âFor black Trotskyismâ (1963)
+ Spartacist League, âBlack and red: Class struggle road to Negro freedomâ (1966)
+ Bayard Rustin, âThe failure of black separatismâ (1970)
⢠Adolph Reed, âBlack particularity reconsideredâ (1979)
+ Reed, âPaths to Critical Theoryâ (1984)
Week E. Frankfurt School precursors | Aug. 27, 2022
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
⢠Wilhelm Reich, âIdeology as material powerâ (1933/46)
+ Freud categories chart of terms [PNG]
⢠Siegfried Kracauer, âThe mass ornamentâ (1927)
+ Kracauer, âPhotographyâ (1927)
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
Week F. Radical bourgeois philosophy I. Rousseau: Crossroads of society | Sep. 3, 2022
To be radical is to go to the root of the matter. For man, however, the root is man himself.
â Marx, Critique of Hegelâs Philosophy of Right (1843)Whoever dares undertake to establish a peopleâs institutions must feel himself capable of changing, as it were, human nature, of transforming each individual, who by himself is a complete and solitary whole, into a part of a larger whole, from which, in a sense, the individual receives his life and his being, of substituting a limited and mental existence for the physical and independent existence. He has to take from man his own powers, and give him in exchange alien powers which he cannot employ without the help of other men.
â Jean-Jacques Rousseau, On the Social Contract (1762)
⢠Max Horkheimer, "The little man and the philosophy of freedom" (1926â31)
⢠epigraphs on modern history and freedom by James Miller (on Jean-Jacques Rousseau), Louis Menand (on Marx and Engels), Karl Marx, on "becoming" (from the Grundrisse, 1857â58), and Peter Preuss (on history)
+ Rainer Maria Rilke, "Archaic Torso of Apollo" (1908)
+ Robert Pippin, "On Critical Theory" (2004)
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) chart of terms
⢠Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1754) PDFs of preferred translation (5 parts): [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
+ Capital in history timeline and chart of terms
⢠Rousseau, selection from On the Social Contract (1762) [on freedom and alienation]
Week G. Radical bourgeois philosophy II. Adam Smith: On the wealth of nations (part 1) | Sep. 10, 2022
⢠Adam Smith, selections from The Wealth of Nations
Volume I [PDF]
Introduction and Plan of the Work
Book I: Of the Causes of ImprovementâŚ
I.1. Of the Division of Labor
I.2. Of the Principle which gives Occasion to the Division of Labour
I.3. That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the Market
I.4. Of the Origin and Use of Money
I.5 Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities
I.6. Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities
I.7. Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities
I.8. Of the Wages of Labour
I.9. Of the Profits of Stock
Book III: Of the different Progress of Opulence in different Nations
III.1. Of the Natural Progress of Opulence
III.2. Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the Ancient State of Europe after the Fall of the Roman Empire
III.3. Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the Fall of the Roman Empire
III.4. How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country
Week H. Radical bourgeois philosophy III. Adam Smith: On the wealth of nations (part 2) | Sep. 17, 2022
⢠Smith, selections from The Wealth of Nations
Volume II [PDF]
IV.7, Of Colonies
V.1. Of the Expences of the Sovereign or Commonwealth Article 2d and 3d and Part IV
Week I. Radical bourgeois philosophy IV. What is the Third Estate? | Sep. 27, 2022
⢠AbbÊ Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, What is the Third Estate? (1789) [full text]
+ Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees (1732)
Week J. Radical bourgeois philosophy V. Kant and Constant: Bourgeois society | Oct. 1, 2022
⢠Immanuel Kant, "Idea for a universal history from a cosmopolitan point of view" and "What is Enlightenment?" (1784)
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) chart of terms
+ Kant's 3 Critiques [PNG] and philosophy [PNG] charts of terms
⢠Benjamin Constant, "The liberty of the ancients compared with that of the moderns" (1819)
+ Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the origin of inequality (1754)
+ Rousseau, selection from On the social contract (1762)
Week K. Radical bourgeois philosophy VI. Hegel: Freedom in history | Oct. 8, 2022
"When we look at this drama of human passions, and observe the consequences of their violence and of the unreason that is linked not only to them but also (and especially) to good intentions and rightful aims; when we see arising from them all the evil, the wickedness, the decline of the most flourishing nations mankind has produced, we can only be filled with grief for all that has come to nothing. And since this decline and fall is not merely the work of nature but of the will of men, we might well end with moral outrage over such a drama, and with a revolt of our good spirit (if there is a spirit of goodness in us). Without rhetorical exaggeration, we could paint the most fearful picture of the misfortunes suffered by the noblest of nations and states as well as by private virtues â and with that picture we could arouse feelings of the deepest and most helpless sadness, not to be outweighed by any consoling outcome. We can strengthen ourselves against this, or escape it, only by thinking that, well, so it was at one time; it is fate; there is nothing to be done about it now. And finally â in order to cast off the tediousness that this reflection of sadness could produce in us and to return to involvement in our own life, to the present of our own aims and interests â we return to the selfishness of standing on a quiet shore where we can be secure in enjoying the distant sight of confusion and wreckage⌠But as we contemplate history as this slaughter-bench, upon which the happiness of nations, the wisdom of states, and the virtues of individuals were sacrificed, the question necessarily comes to mind: What was the ultimate goal for which these monstrous sacrifices were made?⌠World history is the progress in the consciousness of freedom â a progress that we must come to know in its necessity⌠The Orientals knew only that one person is free; the Greeks and Romans that some are free; while we [moderns] know that all humans are implicitly free, qua human⌠The final goal of the world, we said, is Spiritâs consciousness of its freedom, and hence also the actualization of that very freedom⌠It is this final goal â freedom â toward which all the worldâs history has been working. It is this goal to which all the sacrifices have been brought upon the broad altar of the earth in the long flow of time."
â Hegel, Introduction to the Philosophy of History
⢠G.W.F. Hegel, Introduction to the Philosophy of History (1831) [HTML] [PDF pp. 14-128] [Audiobook]
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) chart of terms
Week 1. What is the Left? I. Capital in history | Oct. 15, 2022
⢠Max Horkheimer, "The little man and the philosophy of freedom" (1926â31)
⢠epigraphs on modern history and freedom by Louis Menand (on Marx and Engels), Karl Marx, on "becoming" (from the Grundrisse, 1857â58), and Peter Preuss (on history)
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) chart of terms
⢠Chris Cutrone, "Capital in history" (2008)
+ Capital in history timeline and chart of terms
+ video of Communist University 2011 London presentation
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
⢠Cutrone, "The Marxist hypothesis" (2010)
⢠Cutrone, âClass consciousness (from a Marxist perspective) todayâ (2012)
+ G.M. Tamas, "Telling the truth about class" [HTML] (2007)
+ Robert Pippin, "On Critical Theory" (2004)
+ Rainer Maria Rilke, "Archaic Torso of Apollo" (1908)
Week 2. What is the Left? II. Utopia and critique | Oct. 22, 2022
⢠Max Horkheimer, selections from Dämmerung (1926â31)
⢠Adorno, âImaginative Excessesâ (1944â47)
⢠Leszek Kolakowski, âThe concept of the Leftâ (1958)
⢠Herbert Marcuse, "Note on dialectic" (1960)
⢠Marx, To make the world philosophical (from Marx's dissertation, 1839â41), pp. 9â11
⢠Marx, For the ruthless criticism of everything existing (letter to Arnold Ruge, September 1843), pp. 12â15
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
Week 3. What is Marxism? I. Socialism | Oct. 29, 2022
⢠Marx, selections from Economic and philosophic manuscripts (1844), pp. 70â101
+ Commodity form chart of terms
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
⢠Marx and Friedrich Engels, selections from the Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848), pp. 469â500
⢠Marx, The coming upheaval (from The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847), pp. 218â19
Week 4. What is Marxism? II. Revolution in 1848 | Nov. 5, 2022
⢠Marx, Address to the Central Committee of the Communist League (1850), pp. 501â511 and Class struggle and mode of production (letter to Weydemeyer, 1852), pp. 218â220
⢠Engels, The tactics of social democracy (Engels's 1895 introduction to Marx, The Class Struggles in France), pp. 556â573
⢠Marx, selections from The Class Struggles in France 1848â50 (1850), pp. 586â593
⢠Marx, selections from The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), pp. 594â617
Week 5. What is Marxism? III. Bonapartism | Nov. 12, 2022
+ Karl Korsch, "The Marxism of the First International" (1924)
⢠Marx, Inaugural address to the First International (1864), pp. 512â519
⢠Marx, selections from The Civil War in France (1871, including Engels's 1891 Introduction), pp. 618â652
+ Korsch, Introduction to Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme (1922)
⢠Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme, pp. 525â541
⢠Marx, Programme of the Parti Ouvrier (1880)
Week 6. What is Marxism? IV. Critique of political economy | Nov. 19, 2022
The fetish character of the commodity is not a fact of consciousness; rather it is dialectical, in the eminent sense that it produces consciousness. . . . [P]erfection of the commodity character in a Hegelian self-consciousness inaugurates the explosion of its phantasmagoria.
â Theodor W. Adorno, letter to Walter Benjamin, August 2, 1935
+ Commodity form chart of terms
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Organic composition of capital chart of terms
+ Marx on surplus-value chart of terms
⢠Marx, selections from the Grundrisse (1857â61), pp. 222â226, 236â244, 247â250, 276â293 ME Reader pp. 276â281
⢠Marx, Capital Vol. I, Ch. 1 Sec. 4 "The fetishism of commodities" (1867), pp. 319â329
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
Winter break readings
+ Richard Appignanesi and Oscar Zarate / A&Z, Introducing Lenin and the Russian Revolution / Lenin for Beginners (1977)
+ Sebastian Haffner, Failure of a Revolution: Germany 1918â19 (1968)
+ Tariq Ali and Phil Evans, Introducing Trotsky and Marxism / Trotsky for Beginners (1980)
+ James Joll, The Second International 1889â1914 (1966)
+ Carl Schorske, The SPD 1905-17: The Development of the Great Schism (1955)
+ J.P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg (1966) [Vol. 1] [Vol. 2]
+ Edmund Wilson, To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History (1940), Part II. Ch. (1â4,) 5â10, 12â16; Part III. Ch. 1â6
Week 7. Nov. 27, 2021 U.S. Thanksgiving break
Week 8. What is Marxism? V. Reification | Dec. 3, 2022 / Jan. 7, 2023
⢠Georg LukĂĄcs, âThe phenomenon of reificationâ (Part I of âReification and the consciousness of the proletariat,â History and Class Consciousness, 1923)
+ Commodity form chart of terms
+ Reification chart of terms
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Organic composition of capital chart of terms
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
Week 9. What is Marxism? VI. Class consciousness | Dec. 10, 2022 / Jan. 14, 2023
⢠LukĂĄcs, âClass Consciousnessâ (1920), Original Preface (1922), âWhat is Orthodox Marxism?â (1919), History and Class Consciousness (1923)
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Reification chart of terms
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
+ Herbert Marcuse, "Note on dialectic" (1960)
+ Marx, Preface to the First German Edition and Afterword to the Second German Edition (1873) of Capital (1867), pp. 294â298, 299â302
Week 10. What is Marxism? VII. Ends of philosophy | Dec. 17, 2022 / Jan. 21, 2023
⢠Korsch, âMarxism and philosophyâ (1923)
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
+ Herbert Marcuse, "Note on dialectic" (1960)
+ Marx, To make the world philosophical (from Marx's dissertation, 1839â41), pp. 9â11
+ Marx, For the ruthless criticism of everything existing (letter to Arnold Ruge, September 1843), pp. 12â15
+ Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach" (1845), pp. 143â145
WinterâSpring 2023
II. Introduction to revolutionary Marxism
The Black Question: From 1776 to #BLM
PAS Summer 2022 Reading Group
Dates: Thursdays, June 9 â July 28, 2021
Time: 2pm EST
Zoom link: https://bccte.zoom.us/j/92294820600
Meeting ID: 922 9482 0600
Week 1: From the Colonial Era to the Revolution
June 9
- New York Times, âIntroduction to the 1619 Projectâ
- Barbara J. Fields, âSlavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of Americaâ New Left Review 181 (May/June 1990), 95-118.
- AbbĂŠ Raynal, Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies (1770) [Extract]
- John Locke, âOf Property,â Chapter 5 of the Second Treatise of Government from Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government (Cambridge University Press, 1960), pp. 285â302.
- Thomas Jefferson's "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence before it was revised by the other members of the Committee of Five and by Congress, in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Vol. 1, 1760-1776. Ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950) pp. 243â247.
- âNatural and Inalienable Right to Freedomâ: Slavesâ Petition for Freedom to the Massachusetts Legislature, 17 January 1777, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 5th Series, III (Boston, 1877), pp. 436â37.
Note: Petition to the Legislature on behalf of people in Massachusetts who remained enslaved, signed by Prince Hall (ca. 1735â1807), a free black man, and seven other black Americans. - Decree of the French National Convention of 4 February 1794, Abolishing Slavery in all the Colonies
- Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (1782) [extract 3pp. Pdf]
+Thomas Jefferson to John Lynch, January 21, 1811, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-03-02-0243. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 3, 12 August 1810 to 17 June 1811, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006, pp. 318â320.]
+ Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes 4/22/1820, in The American Debate over Slavery, 1760â1865: An Anthology of Sources, ed. Scott J. Hammond, Kevin R. Hardwick, and Howard Lubert (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2016), 101â102.
+ Thomas Jefferson to Frances Wright, August 7, 1825, The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 1: General Correspondence. 1651-1827.
+ Thomas Jefferson to Henri Gregoire, February 25, 1809, from The Works of Thomas Jefferson in Twelve Volumes. Federal Edition. Collected and Edited by Paul Leicester.
+ James Vaughn, âThe Legacy of the American Revolution 1: (English) Colonial Americaâ (06/12/20) in PlatypusLegacy of the American Revolution lecture series.
+ James Vaughn, âThe Legacy of the American Revolution 2: The American Revolutionâ (06/19/20) in the PlatypusLegacy of the American Revolution lecture series.
+ James Vaughn, â1776 in world history: The American Revolution as bourgeois revolutionâ in The Platypus Review 62, December 2013âJanuary 2014
+ Chris Cutrone, âThe Jeffersonian Revolutionâ (06/26/2020) for the PlatypusLegacy of the American Revolution lecture series.
+ D.L. Jacobs and Luc Bronder-Giroux, âAn interview with Gerald Horneâ in The Platypus Review 129, September 2020
+ Keith Brooks, âWould slavery have ended sooner if the British had defeated the Colonistsâ bid for independence?â The Platypus Review 109, September 2018.
+ Wood, Revolutionary Characters Ch. 3 âThe trials and tribulations of Thomas Jeffersonâ (2006), pp. 91â118.
+ Peter S. Onuf, ââTo Declare Them a Free and Independant Peopleâ: Race, Slavery, and National Identity in Jefferson's Thoughtâ in Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring, 1998), pp. 1-46.
+ Peter Onuf, The Mind of Thomas Jefferson, esp. pp. 213â270.
+ Richard Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics & Lockeâs Two Treatises of Government
+ Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (1944)
Films:
- Jefferson in Paris (1995)
- Sally Hemings: An American Scandal (2000)
Note: This is a four-hour miniseries
Week 2: The Slaveholdersâ Rebellion: The American Civil War
June 16
- Frederick Douglasâs What is the Fourth of July for the Negro? Speech Text 1852
- Lincolnâs Cooper Union Address Text 1860
Video: Lincolnâs Cooper Union Address Video 1860 - Wendell Phillipsâs Criticism of Lincoln and the Union War Effort Summer 1862
- Note from Spencer L.: Here's Marx's article quoting Wendell Phillips, which was published in the liberal Viennese paper (which, I believe, is still in operation), Die Presse. There's not much more to the piece than Marx's translation of Phillips's speech into German. Apart from the basic context, he also notes that the speech met with condemnation in the London Times, a paper that Marx treats as a mouthpiece of Palmerstonian bonapartism.
- Lincolnâs Address to Congress text 1862
- Lincolnâs Gettysburg Address Text 1863
Video: Lincolnâs Gettysburg Address Video 1863 - Karl Marx, First International Address on Reelection of Abraham Lincoln (Written by Karl Marx) 1864
+ Lincolnâs Letter on Thomas Jefferson 1859
+ Spencer Leonard, âThe Civil War and Failed Reconstructionâ (7/10/20) in the Platypus Legacy of the American Revolution lecture series, video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giFmLHRQEks
+ Spencer Leonard, âFor liberty and union: An interview with James McPhersonâ in The Platypus Review 53, February 2013. - Pamela Nogales, âJacksonian Democracyâ (7/3/20) in the Platypus Legacy of the American Revolution lecture series, video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZz0th8Pgzw&t=2724s
- Lincolnâs full 1862 Address to Congress text 1862https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/december-1-1862-second-annual-message
- Lincoln, Letter to Horace Greeley (Washington, August 22, 1862)
Films:
- Glory (1989)
- Lincoln (2012)
Week 3: Early Twentieth Century Debates: Separatists, Communists, and Socialists
June 23
- W.E.B. Dubois, âOf Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others,â in The Soul of Black Folk (pp. 33â44)
- Eugene V. Debs, The Negro in the Class Struggle (1903), Originally published in the International Socialist Review 4, no. 5 (November 1903): 257â60.
Eugene V. Debs, The Negro and His Nemesis (1904), Originally published in the International Socialist Review 4, no. 7 (January 1904): 391â97. - Hubert Harrison, âSocialism and the Negroâ (1912) (5pp. pdf)
- Claude McKay, âSocialism and the Negroâ in P. Heideman, Class Struggle and the Color Line: American Socialism and the Race Question 1900â1930 (Chicago: Haymarket, 2018). Originally published in Workersâ Dreadnought, January 31, 1920, 1â2.
- John Reed, âThe Negro Question in Americaâ Speech at the 2nd World Congress of the Communist International, Moscow, July 26, 1920 in Second Congress of the Communist International: Minutes of the Proceedings (London: New Park Publications, 1977)
Note: Please read the PDF version included in the Black-Question-texts folder. The version available at Marxist.org is incomplete. - Cyril Briggs, âThe African Blood Brotherhoodâ Unsigned article published in The Crusader, vol. 2, no. 10 (June 1920), pp, 7, 22. Attributed to magazine editor and ABB founder Cyril V. Briggs.
- Cyril Briggs, âThe Negro Conventionâ published in The Toiler [New York], v. 4, whole no. 190 (Oct. 1, 1921), pp. 13-14.
+ Tim Barker, âBook Review: Jeffrey B. Perry, Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1882â1918 (2008)â in The Platypus Review 19 January 2010
+ âReport on the Black Questionâ Session 22 â 25 November 1922 in John Riddell (ed.), Toward the United Front: Proceedings of the Fourth Congress of the Communist International, 1922â (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2012), pp. 800-811.
Note: Includes speeches by Otto Huiswoud (âBillingsâ), pp. 800â805 and Claude McKay, pp. 807â811, and Draft of the Theses on the Black Question, pp. 805â807.
+ âTheses on the Black Questionâ (1922) [Final Text] in John Riddell (ed.), Toward the United Front (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2012), pp. 947â951.
+ Trotsky, âA Letter to Comrade McKay,â (13 March 1923) in Trotsky, First Five Years of the Communist International, (Pathfinder Press, 1977) Vol. 2, pp. 476-479.
+ Sunit Singh, "Imperialism and the Left" in Platypus Review 128 (July 2020)
https://platypus1917.org/2020/07/01/imperialism-and-the-left/
+ Letter to Theodore Draper in New York from Cyril Briggs in Los Angeles, March 17, 1958 [Long extract], Document in the Theodore Draper Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Box 31. http://www.marxisthistory.org/history/usa/groups/abb/1958/0317-briggs-todraper.pdf
Note: First published in English March 13, 1923, International Press Correspondence, Vol. Ill, No. 25, p.197.
Films:
- Rosewood (1997)
- Reds
Week 4: The Old Left and the Black Question
June 30
- Harry Haywood, âThe Negro Problem and the Tasks of the Communist Party of the United Statesâ (1928) in P. Foner and H. Shapiro, American Communism and Black Americans: A Documentary History, 1919-1929 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press 1991), pp. 172â178.
- Max Shachtman, Communism and the Negro (Race and Revolution) (1933)
+ Benjamin Blumberg, âAn Unmet Challenge: Race and the Left in Americaâ in The Platypus Review 19, January 2010
+ J.P. Cannon, âThe Coming of the American Revolutionâ (1946)
https://www.marxists.org/archive/cannon/works/1946/comamrev.htm
+âTheses on the American Revolution, Adopted by the Twelfth National Convention of the SWPâ
(November 1946)
https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/swp-us/misc-1/cannon.htm
+ On the United Front by the Spartacists League
https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/icl-spartacists/pamphlets/On_the_United_Front.pdf
Week 5: Black Skin, White Masks: Frantz Fanon Before the New Left
July 7
- Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (1952) (Introduction & Chs. 5â8 in pdf)
- Frantz Fanon, Wretched of the Earth (1961) Ch 6: Conclusion
- Sunit Singh, âBook Review: Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masksâ The Platypus Review 21, March 2010.
Week 6: The New Left and the Black Question, pt. 1
July 14
- Richard Fraser, âFor the Materialist Conception of the Negro Struggleâ (1955)
- James Robertson and Shirley Stoute, âFor black Trotskyismâ (1963)
- Bayard Rustin, "From protest to politics" (1965)
- Spartacist League, âBlack and red: Class struggle road to Negro freedomâ (1966)
- Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (1967), [selections part 1, 3-10 and 11-63]
+Martin Luther King, "The Other America" (1967) (Video)
+ Richard Fraser, âTwo lectures on the black question in America and revolutionary integrationismâ (1953)
+ Coleman Hughes and Jim Creegan, âBayard Rustin: Black Liberation and Socialismâ The Platypus Review 131, November 2020
Films:
- Brother Outsider: The Life of Bayard Rustin (2003)
- All the Way (2016)
Week 7: The New Left and the Black Question, pt. 2: The Black Power Turn
July 21
- Stockley Carmichael, Black Power Speech (1966) [Audio]
Edited transcription of speech (9 pp.)
Note: Audio silence from 29:02â30:05, but picks up where it left off. - Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (1967) (part 2, 451â475 and 544â565)
- Bayard Rustin, âThe failure of black separatismâ (1970) (9 pp.)
- Bayard Rustin, "The blacks and the unions" (1971) (6 pp.)
- Spartacist League, "Soul power or workers' power: The rise and fall of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers" (1974) (18 pp.)
- Adolph Reed, âBlack particularity reconsideredâ (1979) (23 pp.)
- Adolph Reed, âThe limits of anti-racismâ (2009) (5 pp.)
+ Malcolm X., âAnd I Donât Mean Bananasâ (1964) (16 pp.)
+ Black Panther Party, âTen-Point Programâ (1966)
+ Audrey Crescenti, âThe Black Panther Party and community organizing: An interview with Bobby Sealeďťżâ in The Platypus Review 113, February 2019
+ Sophia Freeman, âThe Black Panther Party, Malcolm X, and the question of revolutionary politics today: An interview with Kathleen Cleaverâ in The Platypus Review 113, February 2019
Films:
- Finally Got the News (1970)
https://vimeo.com/ondemand/finallygotthenews - Newsreel films on the Black Panthers, âOff the Pigâ (Newsreel #19) (1967)
Trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U2ApK2nAO8
Week 8: Platypus Hosts the Conversation: From Obama to #BLM
July 28
- âProgress or regress? The future of the Left under Obamaâ (2009)
Panelists: Chris Cutrone, Platypus; Stephen Duncombe, NYU, author of Dream: Re-imagining Progressive Politics in an Age of Fantasy (2007); Pat Korte, new Students for a Democratic Society (SDS); Charles Post, Solidarity; and Paul Street, author of Barack Obama and the Future of American Politics (2008). - âBlack Politics and State Violence,â UC Santa Cruz (03/27/2015) [Video]
Panelists: Boots Riley of the hip-hop group âThe Coup,â Clarence Thomas former Secretary-Treasurer of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union, and Nancy Kato from the People of Color caucus of the Freedom Socialist Party. - Police Brutality and the Left (July 11, 2020)
Panelists: Gerald Smith (Oscar Grant Committee), Larry Holmes (Workers World Party), Andrea Pritchett (Berkeley Copwatch), and Conrad Cartmell (DSA, Class Unity Caucus). - "The Fate of the American Revolution," in the Platypus Review 130, October 2020.
https://platypus1917.org/2020/10/01/the-fate-of-the-american-revolution/ - Pamela Nogales, âThe Black Question and the Left: from 1776 to #BLMâ (May 6, 2022)
+âBlack Politics in the Age of Obamaâ (Chicago, 2013)
Panelists: Cedric Johnson, author of Revolutionaries to Race Leaders: Black Power and the Making of African American Politics (2007) and The Neoliberal Deluge (2011); and Mel Rothenberg, veteran of the Sojourner Truth Organization and coauthor of The Myth of Capitalism Reborn (1980).
+ âBlack Politics and State Violenceâ (2015)
School of Visual Arts (03/11/15) [Audio]
Panelists: Ben Blumberg (Platypus), Dread Scott (Artist), Eljeer Hawkins (Socialist Alternative/CWI)
+ Platypus at Left Forum NYC 2010: The American Left and the "black question:" from politics to protest to the post-political (2010) [Audio]
Panelists: Tim Barker, Columbia U.; Benjamin Blumberg, Platypus; PamelaNogales, Platypus; Chris Cutrone, Platypus
+ Platypus Public Panel Series: âBlack Politics and State Violenceâ (2015)
University of Chicago (03/20/15) [Audio]
Panelists: Michael Dawson and Mel Rothenberg
+ Platypus Public Panel: âThe American left and the âBlack Questionâ: From politics to protest to the post-politicalâ (Chicago, 2015)
Panelists: Toby Chow, Southsiders Organized for Unity and Liberation (SOUL) and The Peopleâs Lobby; Brandon Johnson, Chicago Teachers Union (CTU); August Nimtz, author of Lenin's Electoral Strategy from 1907 to the October Revolution of 1917 (2014); and Adolph Reed, Jr., author of Stirrings in the Jug: Black Politics in the Post-Segregation Era (1999).

âSociety is a reality sui generis; it has its own characteristics that are either not found in the rest of the universe or are not found there in the same form."
"Society is a sui generis being with its own special nature, distinct from that of its members, and a personality of its own different from individual personalities."
-- Emile Durkheim
Fridays 6:30-8:30pm at the May Day Rooms in the "Reading Room"
88 Fleet Street, London, EC4Y 1DH
Join London Platypus or follow Platypus LSESU or Platypus at UCL on facebook for updates.
All welcome & no prior knowledge required.
( ⢠required / + recommended readings)
Required background reading:
⢠Chris Cutrone, "Back to Herbert Spencer! Industrial vs. militant society" (2016)
Recommended supplemental parallel reading:
+ Adorno, "Static and Dynamic as Sociological Categories" (1961)
+ Adorno, Introduction to Sociology 1962 lectures
+ Adorno, Philosophical Elements of a Theory of Society 1964 lectures
+ Adorno, Philosophy and Sociology 1960 lectures
Preliminary readings:
⢠Adorno, âSocietyâ (1965)
⢠Benjamin Constant, "The liberty of the ancients compared with that of the moderns" (1819)
Charts of terms:
+ Capital in history timeline and chart of terms
+ Being and becoming (freedom in transformation) / immanent dialectical critique chart of terms
+ Capitalist contradiction chart of terms
+ Commodity form chart of terms
+ Reification chart of terms
Week 1: June 10, 2022
⢠Gillian Rose, Hegel Contra Sociology (1981/95) selections: Preface for 1995 reprint, 1. The Antinomies of Sociological Reason, 7. With What Must the Science End?
Week 2: June 17, 2022
⢠epigraphs on modern history and freedom by Louis Menand (on Marx and Engels), Karl Marx, on "becoming" (from the Grundrisse, 1857â58)
⢠Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905) selections: Author's Introduction, Part I Chapters 1-3, Part II (+ Chapter 4,) Chapter 5
Week 3: June 24, 2022
⢠Auguste Comte, Introduction to Positive Philosophy (1830-42) I. The nature and importance of the positive philosophy; The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte vol. III Bk. VI. Social Physics pp. 1-11, 199-216, 277-344; A General View of Positivism Ch. II. The Social Aspect of Positivism pp. 63-78, Ch. VI. The Religion of Humanity pp. 340-426
Week 4: July 1, 2022
+ Chris Cutrone, "Back to Herbert Spencer! Industrial vs. militant society" (2016) [audio]
⢠Herbert Spencer, Principles of Sociology Vol. I Part I The Data of Sociology Ch. I-IV pp. 3-40 and Part II The Inductions of Sociology Ch. I-II pp. 447-462; On Social Evolution (Univ. Chicago selections): IV 15â16 Societal Typologies, Militancy and Industrialism and V 18â19 Ceremonial and Political Institutions; The Man Versus the State VI The Great Political Superstition
Week 5: July 8, 2022
⢠Emile Durkheim, Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912) Introduction
⢠Durkheim, On Morality and Society (1890), selections Chapter 3. "The principles of 1789 and sociology", and part V. Social Creativity, Chapters 11-12
Week 6: July 15, 2022
⢠Ămile Durkheim, Author's Preface to 1st Edition and Introduction (pp.xxv-xxx and 1-10) in The Division of Labor in Society (1893)
⢠Durkheim, selections from On Morality and Society (1898): Chapter 4. "Individualism and the intellectuals" (1898), Chapter 6. "Progressive preponderance of organic solidarity", and Chapter 10. "The dualism of human nature and its social conditions" (1914)
BREAK - no reading group - on July 22, 2022
Week 7: July 29, 2022
⢠Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (1893) selections IV. The Evolution of Morality Chapters 7-9, in On Morality and Society; Preface to the 2nd Edition (pp. xxxi-lix)
Week 8: August 5, 2022
Taking place at Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese (145 Fleet St, London EC4A 2BP) which is a short walk from the MayDay Rooms.
Message us on facebook or WhatsApp if you can't find us.
Readings:
⢠Frankfurt School, Aspects of Sociology (1956) selections: Preface by Horkheimer and Adorno, Chapters I-VI, XII
⢠Adorno, âSocietyâ (1965)
+ Adorno, "Static and Dynamic as Sociological Categories" (1961)